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:''This article deals with biblical and patristic terminology pertaining to the Greek ''pneuma akatharton'' and related phrases. See Pneuma for other uses of the word. For related beliefs and practices, see Demonic possession and Exorcism.'' In English translations of the Bible, unclean spirit is a common rendering〔For instance, in the King James Version, Wycliffe's Bible, Tyndale Bible, New Revised Standard Version, American Standard Version, International Standard Version, World English Bible, New English Translation; "foule sprete" in the Coverdale Bible.〕 of Greek ''pneuma akatharton'' (πνεῦμα ἀκάθαρτον; plural ''pneumata akatharta'' (πνεύματα ἀκάθαρτα)), which in its single occurrence in the Septuagint translates Hebrew ' (). The Greek term appears 21 times in the New Testament in the context of demonic possession.〔The term appears 21 times counting both singular and plural. J. Reiling, "Unclean spirits," in ''Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible'', henceforth abbreviated ''DDD'' (William B. Eerdmans Publishing, 1999), p. 882 (online. )〕 It is also translated into English as spirit of impurity〔As in the New International Version. See Karen Hartnup, ''On the Beliefs of the Greeks: Leo Allatios and Popular Orthodoxy'' (Brill, 2004), p. 88, especially note 16 (online. )〕 or more loosely as "evil spirit." The Latin equivalent is ''spiritus immundus''.〔Pierre Maréchaux, "Les noces de Panurge et de Mercure: Rabelais et la leçon de Martianus Capella," in ''Études Rabelaisiennes'' 33 (1998), p. 167 (online. )〕 The association of physical and spiritual cleanliness is, if not universal, widespread and continues into the 21st century: "To be virtuous is to be physically clean and free from the impurity that is sin," notes an article in ''Scientific American'' published 10 March 2009.〔Gary Sherman and Gerald Clore, "Clean and Virtuous: When Physical Purity Becomes Moral Purity," ''Scientific American'' 10 March 2009, accessed (online ) 20 April 2009; also WebCite (archive ).〕 Some scholarship〔Clinton Wahlen presents an overview of this scholarship in ''Jesus and the Impurity of Spirits in the Synoptic Gospels'' (Mohr Siebeck, 2004). For a table of terms used for evil powers in the New Testament, see p. 177 (online. )〕 seeks to differentiate between "unclean spirit" and "evil spirit" (''pneuma ponêron'') or "demon" (''daimonion'').〔''DDD'', p. 882. For ''daimon, not considered a synonym, see The concept of ''pneuma'' following.〕 ==The concept of ''pneuma''== In the Christian scriptures, the word ''pneuma'' (plural ''pneumata'') is used variously for the human soul, angelic or demonic spirits, and the Holy Spirit, depending on context or with a grammatical modifier.〔Wayne A. Grudem, ''The First Epistle of Peter: An Introduction and Commentary'' (William B. Eerdmans Publishing, 1988) pp. 208–209 (online ); Eric Sorensen, ''Possession and Exorcism in the New Testament and Early Christianity'' (Mohr Siebeck, 2002), p. 121 (online. )〕 New Testament usage of the words ''pneuma'' and ''daimonion'' in relation to demons follows that of later Judaism; the two words are to be distinguished from ''daimon'', which appears only once (at )〔''A Dictionary of Biblical Tradition in English Literature'', edited by David Lyle Jeffrey (William B. Eerdmans Publishing, 1992), p. 195; ''DDD'', p. 239.〕 and in classical antiquity has a neutral meaning of "spirit" or "god, demigod."〔''Theological Dictionary of the New Testament'', edited by Gerhard Kittel and Gerhard Friedrich, translated and abridged by Geoffrey W. Bromley (William B. Eerdmans Publishing, 1985), p. 139 (online ); Dan Burton and David Grandy ''Magic, Mystery, and Science: The Occult in Western Civilization'' (Indiana University Press, 2003), p. 123 (online. )〕 For those who practiced the traditional religions of antiquity, possession by a ''pneuma'' could be a desired state of visionary trance.〔Greek Magical Papyri IV.1121–24, discussed under ''Pneuma pythona'' below. See also David Edward Aune, ''Prophecy in Early Christianity and the Ancient Mediterranean World'' (William B. Eerdmans Publishing, 1983), p. 47 (online. )〕 In the New Testament, the Greek modifier ''akatharton'', although sometimes translated in context as "evil,"〔At Mark 1:23, for instance, the New Living Translation has "evil spirit," but glosses "Greek 'unclean'."〕 means more precisely "impure, not purified," and reflects a concern for ritual purification shared with or derived from Judaism, though reinterpreted.〔''DDD'', p. 882, with additional citations. See also Ritual washing in Judaism, Tumah, and Mikvah. Connections and differences between Judaic impurity and Christian are explored extensively by Wahlen, ''Jesus and the Impurity of Spirits'', introduction, pp. 1–22.〕 In early Christianity, the catechumen was routinely prepared for baptism by exorcism even when demonic possession was not suspected; in the case of adult converts, the "unclean spirits" to be driven away might be identified with the gods of other religions.〔Indicated, for instance, by Tertullian, ''Apologeticus'' 23.15-16. See Peter Cramer, ''Baptism and Change in the Early Middle Ages, c. 200–c. 1150'' (Cambridge University Press, 2003), ''passim'', especially the process as described by Hippolytus of Rome, pp. 11ff ( online ); Jeffrey Burton Russell, ''Satan: The Early Christian Tradition'' (Cornell University Press, 1987), p. 101 (online ); G.J. Riley, "Demon," in ''DDD'', pp. 235–240, especially p. 238 (online. ) See also Pneuma pythona below.〕 The practice of insufflation and exsufflation, or the use of released breath in ritual, depends on conceptualizing a spiritual entity as air in motion, "invisible yet active":〔''DDD'', p. 882.〕 both Greek ''pneuma'' and Latin ''spiritus'' had an original meaning of "breath, mobile air." 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Unclean spirit」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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